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Custom Solid Copper Laser Pointer Kit Nubm44v2 a True Work of Art Burning

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Handheld device that emits a laser

Red (635 nm), blue violet (445 nm), and green (520 nm) light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers

A light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation arrow or light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pen is a pocket-sized handheld device with a power source (ordinarily a battery) and a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation diode emitting a very narrow coherent depression-powered laser beam of visible low-cal, intended to exist used to highlight something of interest by illuminating it with a small bright spot of colored light.

The small width of the beam and low power of typical laser pointers make the beam itself invisible in a clean atmosphere, only showing a point of light when striking an opaque surface. Laser pointers tin can projection a visible beam via handful from dust particles or water droplets along the axle path. Higher-ability and higher-frequency green or blue lasers may produce a beam visible even in clean air because of Rayleigh scattering from air molecules, especially when viewed in moderately-to-dimly lit atmospheric condition. The intensity of such scattering increases when these beams are viewed from angles nigh the beam axis. Such pointers, particularly in the dark-green-light output range, are used as astronomical object pointers for instruction purposes.

Laser pointers make a stiff signaling tool, even in daylight, and are able to produce a bright signal for potential search and rescue vehicles using an inexpensive, small and lightweight device of the blazon that could exist routinely carried in an emergency kit.

There are significant safety concerns with the use of laser pointers. Most jurisdictions have restrictions on lasers higher up 5 mW. If aimed at a person's eyes, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers can crusade temporary visual disturbances or even severe damage to vision. There are reports in the medical literature documenting permanent injury to the macula and the later on permanent loss of vision afterward light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation lite from laser pointer being shone at a man'southward optics. In rare cases a dot of light from a red light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointer may be thought to be due to a laser gunsight.[one] When pointed at aircraft at nighttime, laser pointers may dazzle and distract pilots, and increasingly strict laws have been passed to ban this.

The depression-cost availability of infrared (IR) diode laser modules of upwardly to 1000 mW (1 watt) output has created a generation of IR-pumped, frequency doubled, green, blue, and violet diode-pumped solid-state laser pointers with visible ability upwards to 300 mW. Considering the invisible IR component in the beams of these visible lasers is difficult to filter out, and also because filtering information technology contributes extra heat which is difficult to misemploy in a minor pocket "laser pointer" package, it is oft left as a beam component in cheaper high-power pointers. This invisible IR component causes a degree of extra potential adventure in these devices when pointed at nearby objects and people.

Colors and wavelengths [edit]

Early laser pointers were helium–neon (HeNe) gas lasers and generated laser radiation at 633 nanometers (nm), usually designed to produce a laser beam with an output power under i milliwatt (mW). The least expensive laser pointers use a deep-ruby laser diode near the 650 nm wavelength. Slightly more expensive ones utilise a red-orange 635 nm diode, more easily visible because of the greater sensitivity of the human eye at 635 nm. Other colors are possible also, with the 532 nm green laser beingness the nigh common alternative. Yellow-orangish laser pointers, at 593.5 nm, subsequently became bachelor. In September 2005 handheld blue light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers at 473 nm became available. In early on 2010 "Blu-ray" (really violet) light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers at 405 nm went on auction.

The credible effulgence of a spot from a laser axle depends on the optical power of the laser, the reflectivity of the surface, and the chromatic response of the human eye. For the same optical ability, green laser light will seem brighter than other colors considering the homo eye is most sensitive at low lite levels in the green region of the spectrum (wavelength 520–570 nm). Sensitivity decreases for longer (redder) and shorter (bluer) wavelengths.

The output power of a laser pointer is normally stated in milliwatts (mW). In the U.S. lasers are classified past the American National Standards Found[ii] and Nutrient and Drug Assistants (FDA)—see Laser safety#Nomenclature for details. Visible laser pointers (400–700 nm) operating at less than ane mW power are Form 2 or Ii, and visible laser pointers operating with ane–5 mW power are Course 3A or IIIa. Class 3B or IIIb lasers generate betwixt 5 and 500 mW; Class four or 4 lasers generate more 500 mW. The U.s.a. FDA Code of Federal Regulations stipulates that "demonstration laser products" such as pointers must comply with applicable requirements for Form I, 2, IIIA, IIIB, or 4 devices.[three]

Color Wavelength(s)
Red 638 nm, 650 nm, 670 nm
Orangish 593 nm
Yellowish 589 nm, 593 nm
Green 532 nm, 515/520 nm
Blue 450 nm, 473nm, 488 nm
Violet 405 nm

Red [edit]

These are the simplest pointers, every bit laser diodes are available in these wavelengths. The arrow is virtually mutual and more often than not low-powered.

The first red laser pointers released in the early on 1980s were large, unwieldy devices that sold for hundreds of dollars.[iv] Today, they are much smaller and by and large toll very piddling. At that place are generally 2 wavelengths, 638 and 650nm. 650nm is common as a red light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation colour and 638nm is slightly brighter than 650nm.

In the 21st century, diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) scarlet laser pointers emitting at 671 nm became available. Although this wavelength can be obtained direct with an inexpensive laser diode, higher beam quality and narrower spectral bandwidth are accomplished through DPSS versions.

Green [edit]

Trails past a 15 mW green laser pointer in a time exposure of a living room at night

Green laser pointers[5] appeared on the market place around 2000 and are the well-nigh common blazon of DPSS lasers (also called diode-pumped solid-state frequency-doubled, DPSSFD). They are more complex than standard red laser pointers, because laser diodes are not normally bachelor in this wavelength range. The green calorie-free is generated through a multi-step process, commonly beginning with a high-ability (typically 100–300 mW) infrared aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) laser diode operating at 808 nm. The 808 nm light pumps a neodymium doped crystal, commonly neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVOfour) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG), or, less unremarkably, neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF)), which lases deeper in the infrared at 1064 nm. This lasing action is due to an electronic transition in the fluorescent neodymium ion, Nd(Iii), which is present in all of these crystals.

Some dark-green lasers operate in pulse or quasi-continuous moving ridge (QCW) way to reduce cooling bug and prolong battery life.

An announcement in 2009[6] of a directly green laser (which does not require doubling) promises much higher efficiencies and could foster the development of new color video projectors.

In 2012, Nichia[vii] and OSRAM[8] adult and manufactured merchant loftier-ability green light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation diodes (515/520 nm), which tin can emit green laser directly.

Because fifty-fifty a low-powered green laser is visible at night through Rayleigh scattering from air molecules, this type of pointer is used by astronomers to easily point out stars and constellations. Light-green laser pointers can come in a variety of different output powers. The 5 mW green laser pointers (classes 2 and IIIa) are the safest to use, and anything more powerful is commonly not necessary for pointing purposes, since the beam is still visible in nighttime lighting weather.[ citation needed ]

Blue [edit]

Blueish laser pointers in specific wavelengths such as 473 nm commonly have the same basic construction as DPSS dark-green lasers. In 2006 many factories began product of blueish laser modules for mass-storage devices, and these were used in laser pointers too. These were DPSS-type frequency-doubled devices. They most commonly emit a axle at 473 nm, which is produced by frequency doubling of 946 nm laser radiation from a diode-pumped Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO4 crystal (Nd-doped crystals unremarkably produce a principal wavelength of 1064 nm, but with the proper cogitating coating mirrors can be also made to lase at other "higher harmonic" non-principal neodymium wavelengths). For high output ability, BBO crystals are used equally frequency doublers; for lower powers, KTP is used. The Japanese company Nichia controlled fourscore% of the bluish-laser-diode marketplace in 2006.[ix]

Some vendors are now selling collimated diode blue laser pointers with measured powers exceeding one,500 mW. However, since the claimed power of "laser arrow" products also includes the IR power (in DPSS technology only) still present in the beam (for reasons discussed below), comparisons on the basis of strictly visual-blueish components from DPSS-type lasers remain problematic, and the data is often not available. Because of the higher neodymium harmonic used, and the lower efficiency of frequency-doubling conversion, the fraction of IR ability converted to 473 nm blue laser light in optimally configured DPSS modules is typically 10–13%, almost half that typical for green lasers (twenty–30%).[ commendation needed ]

Lasers emitting a violet lite beam at 405 nm may be constructed with GaN (gallium nitride) semiconductors. This is shut to ultraviolet, adjoining on the very extreme of homo vision, and can cause vivid bluish fluorescence, and thus a bluish rather than violet spot, on many white surfaces, including white clothing, white paper, and project screens, due to the widespread use of optical brighteners in the manufacture of products intended to appear brilliantly white. On ordinary non-fluorescent materials, and also on fog or dust, the color appears as a shade of deep violet that cannot be reproduced on monitors and print. A GaN laser emits 405 nm directly without a frequency doubler, eliminating the possibility of accidental unsafe infrared emission. These laser diodes are mass-produced for the reading and writing of data in Blu-ray drives (although the lite emitted by the diodes is not blue, simply distinctly violet). In mid-to-late 2011, 405 nm bluish-violet laser diode modules with an optical power of 250 mW, based on GaN violet light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation diodes made for Blu-ray disc readers, had reached the market from Chinese sources for prices of about US$sixty including commitment.[x]

Applications [edit]

Pointing [edit]

Laser pointers are frequently used in educational and business organisation presentations and visual demonstrations equally an eye-catching pointing device. Laser pointers enhance exact guidance given to students during surgery. The suggested mechanism of explanation is that the technology enables more precise guidance of location and identification of anatomic structures.[11]

Red light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers tin be used in almost whatever indoor or low-light situation where pointing out details by paw may be inconvenient, such equally in structure work or interior decorating. Light-green laser pointers can be used for similar purposes likewise every bit outdoors in daylight or for longer distances.

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers are used in a wide range of applications. Green laser pointers tin can likewise exist used for apprentice astronomy.[12] Green lasers are visible at night due to Rayleigh scattering and airborne grit,[13] allowing someone to point out individual stars to others nearby. Also, these light-green laser pointers are unremarkably used by astronomers worldwide at star parties or for conducting lectures in astronomy. Astronomy laser pointers are too commonly mounted on telescopes in social club to align the telescope to a specific star or location. Laser alignment is much easier than adjustment through using the eyepiece.[ citation needed ]

Industrial and research utilise [edit]

Laser level used in construction.

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers are used in industry. For instance, construction companies may apply high quality light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers to raise the accuracy of showing specific distances, while working on large-calibration projects. They proved to be useful in this type of business because of their accuracy, which fabricated them meaning time-savers. What is substantially a laser pointer may exist congenital into an infrared thermometer to identify where it is pointing, or be part of a laser level or other appliance.

They may too be helpful in scientific research in fields such as photonics, chemistry, physics, and medicine.[ citation needed ]

Laser pointers are used in robotics, for example, for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation guidance to direct the robot to a goal position past means of a laser beam, i.east. showing goal positions to the robot optically instead of communicating them numerically. This intuitive interface simplifies directing the robot while visual feedback improves the positioning accuracy and allows for implicit localization.[14] [15]

Leisure and entertainment [edit]

Entertainment is i of the other applications that has been plant for lasers. The near mutual use of lasers in entertainment can be seen in special effects used in laser shows. Clubs, parties and outdoor concerts all utilise high-power lasers, with safety precautions, as a spectacle. Laser shows are often improvident, using lenses, mirrors and smoke.

Lasers have as well become a pop plaything for pets such every bit cats, ferrets and dogs, whose natural predatory instincts are triggered by the moving laser and volition hunt information technology and/or try to catch information technology equally much as possible, but obviously never succeed.[16] As a result, laser pointers have become a popular class of amusement for many pet owners.

Even so, laser pointers have few applications beyond actual pointing in the wider amusement industry, and many venues ban entry to those in possession of pointers as a potential hazard. Very occasionally laser gloves, which are sometimes mistaken for pointers, are seen being worn by professional dancers on stage at shows. Unlike pointers, these unremarkably produce low-power highly divergent beams to ensure centre safety. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers have been used as props past magicians during magic shows.

As an example of the potential dangers of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers brought in by audition members, at the Tomorrow Land Festival in Belgium in 2009, laser pointers brought in by members of the audience of 200 mW or greater were found to exist the cause of center damage suffered by several other members of the audience co-ordinate to reports about the incident filed on the ILDA (International Laser Display Association's) Web site.[17] The report says that the incident was investigated past several contained regime, including the Kingdom of belgium police force, and that those authorities ended that pointers brought in past the audience were the cause of the injuries.

Laser pointers tin be used in hiking or outdoor activities. Higher-powered laser pointers are brilliant enough to scare away big wild animals which makes them useful for hiking and camping ground.[ citation needed ] In these circumstances a laser pointer can too serve as a handy survival tool, equally it tin can be used every bit a rescue betoken in emergencies which is visible to shipping and other parties, during both day and dark weather, at extreme distances. For instance, during the night in Baronial 2010 two men and a male child were rescued from marshland after their scarlet laser pen was spotted by rescue teams.[eighteen]

Weapons systems [edit]

Accurately aligned laser pointers are used as light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation gunsights to aim a firearm.

Some militaries use lasers to marker targets at nighttime for aircraft. This is done to ensure that "friendly" and "enemy" targets are not mistaken. A friendly target may clothing an IR emitting device that is only visible to those utilizing night vision (such as pilots.) To pinpoint the verbal location of an enemy combatant, they would simply illuminate the target with a laser beam detectable by the attacking aircraft. This can be one of the most accurate means of mark targets.

Hazards and risks [edit]

Incorrect power rating [edit]

National Establish of Standards and Technology tests[19] conducted on light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers labeled as Form IIIa or 3R in 2013 showed that nigh half of them emitted power at twice the Class limit, making their right designation Class IIIb – more than chancy than Grade IIIa. The highest measured power output was 66.5 milliwatts; more than 10 times the limit. Green laser light is generated from an infrared light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation axle, which should be confined within the laser housing; however, more than 75% of the devices tested were establish to emit infrared lite in excess of the limit.

Malicious use [edit]

Laser pointers, with their very long range, are often maliciously shone at people to distract or annoy them, or for fun. This is considered particularly hazardous in the example of shipping pilots, who may be dazzled or distracted at critical times.

According to an MSNBC written report in that location were over two,836 incidents logged in the United states by the FAA in 2010.[twenty] Illumination past handheld green lasers is particularly serious, as the wavelength (532 nm) is nearly summit sensitivity of the nighttime-adapted eye and may appear to be 35 times brighter than a scarlet laser of identical ability output.[21]

Irresponsible use of laser pointers is often frowned upon by members of the laser projector community who fear that their misuse may consequence in legislation affecting lasers designed to be placed within projectors and used within the entertainment industry. Others involved in activities where dazzling or distraction are dangerous are as well a concern.

Another lamentable and potentially dangerous misuse of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers is to use them when the dot may reasonably be mistaken for that of a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation gun sight. Armed police have drawn their weapons in such circumstances.[ane]

Center injury [edit]

The output of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers available to the general public is limited (and varies past country) in social club to prevent accidental harm to the retina of man eyes. The U.K. Health Protection Bureau recommended that "laser pointers generally available to the public should be restricted to less than ane milliwatt as no injuries [similar the one reported below to have caused retinal damage] accept been reported at this power".[22] [23] In the U.Due south., regulatory regime allow lasers up to 5 mW.

Studies have establish that fifty-fifty low-power laser beams of non more than 5 mW can cause permanent retinal impairment if gazed at for several seconds; however, the eye'southward glimmer reflex makes this highly unlikely. Such light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers have reportedly caused afterimages, flash incomprehension and glare,[i] but non permanent damage, and are generally safety when used equally intended.

A high-powered light-green laser pointer bought over the Internet was reported in 2010 to have caused a decrease of visual acuity from half dozen/half-dozen to 6/12 (twenty/20 to twenty/xl); afterward two months acuity recovered to 6/6, but some retinal damage remained.[22] [23] The US FDA issued a alarm afterwards two anecdotal reports it received of eye injury from laser pointers.[1]

Laser pointers available for purchase online can be capable of significantly higher power output than the pointers typically available in stores. Dubbed "Burning Lasers", these are designed to burn down through light plastics and newspaper, and can have very like external appearances to their low-power counterparts.[24] [25] Because of their high power, many online retailers have warned high-power laser arrow users non to betoken them at humans or animals.

Studies in the early twenty-starting time century found that the risk to the human eye from accidental exposure to light from commercially available class IIIa laser pointers having powers up to 5 mW seemed rather small-scale; all the same, prolonged viewing, such equally deliberate staring into the beam for 10 or more seconds, tin can crusade damage.[26] [27] [28] [29]

The U.k. Health Protection Agency warns confronting the college-power typically light-green laser pointers bachelor over the Internet, with ability output of up to a few hundred milliwatts, as "extremely dangerous and not suitable for sale to the public."[30]

Infrared hazards of DPSS light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers [edit]

Lasers classified as pointers are intended to accept outputs less than v mW total power (Grade 3R). At such power levels, an IR filter for a DPSS laser may not exist required as the infrared (IR) output is relatively low and the brightness of the visible wavelength of the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation will cause the eye to react (blink reflex). However, college-powered (> 5 mW) DPSS-type laser pointers have recently become bachelor, ordinarily through sources that exercise not follow laser safety regulations for laser packaging and labeling. These higher-powered lasers are often packaged in the aforementioned arrow-manner housings as regular laser pointers, and usually lack the IR filters found in professional person loftier-powered DPSS lasers, considering of costs and additional efforts needed to accommodate them.[31]

Though the IR from a DPSS laser is less collimated, the typical neodymium-doped crystals in such lasers do produce a truthful IR light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation beam. The eye will usually react to the higher-powered visible calorie-free; however, in college ability DPSS lasers the IR laser output can be pregnant. What poses a special hazard for this unfiltered IR output is its presence in conjunction with laser safety goggles designed to only block the visible wavelengths of the laser. Ruddy goggles, for instance, will block nearly green lite from entering the eyes, just volition pass IR light. The reduced low-cal backside the goggles may also cause the pupils to dilate, increasing the run a risk to the invisible IR light. Dual-frequency so-chosen YAG light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation eyewear is significantly more expensive than single frequency laser eyewear, and is oftentimes not supplied with unfiltered DPSS pointer mode lasers, which output 1064 nm IR laser light too. These potentially hazardous lasers produce picayune or no visible beam when shone through the eyewear supplied with them, still their IR-laser output can withal exist easily seen when viewed with an IR-sensitive video camera.

In addition to the safety hazards of unfiltered IR from DPSS lasers, the IR component may be inclusive of total output figures in some light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers.

Though light-green (532 nm) lasers are most common, IR filtering problems may also be in other DPSS lasers, such as DPSS red (671 nm), yellowish (589 nm) and blue (473 nm) lasers. These DPSS laser wavelengths are usually more than exotic, more expensive, and generally manufactured with higher quality components, including filters, unless they are put into laser pointer style pocket-pen packages. Almost red (635 nm, 660 nm), violet (405 nm) and darker blue (445 nm) lasers are generally built using dedicated laser diodes at the output frequency, not every bit DPSS lasers. These diode-based visible lasers do not produce IR calorie-free.

Regulations and misuse [edit]

Laser pointer users should not indicate light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation beams at shipping, moving vehicles, or towards strangers.[32] Since laser pointers became readily available, they have been misused, leading to the development of laws and regulations specifically addressing use of such lasers. Their very long range makes it difficult to find the source of a laser spot. In some circumstances they make people fear they are existence targeted by weapons, every bit they are indistinguishable from dot blazon laser reticles. The very vivid, small-scale spot makes it possible to dazzle and distract drivers and aircraft pilots, and they can be dangerous to sight if aimed at the eyes.

In 1998, an audience member shone a laser at Kiss drummer Peter Criss's eyes while the band was performing "Beth". After performing the song, Criss nigh stormed off the stage, and lead vocalizer Paul Stanley challenged whoever shone the laser to fight him on phase:

In every oversupply, in that location's one or 2 people who don't vest here, Now I know you want to bring it to schoolhouse tomorrow when you go to sixth form, but get out it at dwelling when you go to the show.

In football game a laser pointer is a prohibited item at stadiums during FIFA tournaments and matches, according to FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations,[35] it is also prohibited in matches and competitions organised by UEFA.[36] In 2008 light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers were aimed at players' eyes in a number of sport matches worldwide. Olympique Lyonnais was fined past UEFA considering of a laser pointer beam aimed by a Lyon fan at Cristiano Ronaldo.[37] In a World Loving cup final qualifier friction match held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between the habitation team and the Due south Korean squad, South Korean goalkeeper Lee Woon-Jae was hit in the centre with a green light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation beam.[38] At the 2014 World Loving cup during the terminal group stage match between People's democratic republic of algeria and Russia a green laser beam was directed on the face of Russian goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev. Later the match the Algerian Football game Federation was fined CHF50,000 (approx. £33,000/€41,100/US$56,200) by FIFA for the apply of lasers and other violations of the rules by Algerian fans at the stadium.[39]

In 2009 police force in the United Kingdom began tracking the sources of lasers existence shone at helicopters at nighttime, logging the source using GPS, using thermal imaging cameras to run into the suspect, and fifty-fifty the warm pointer if discarded, and calling in police dog teams. As of 2010 the penalty could exist five years' imprisonment.[xl]

Despite legislation limiting the output of laser pointers in some countries, higher-power devices are currently produced in other regions and are often imported past customers who purchase them straight via Internet mail order. The legality of such transactions is not always clear; typically, the lasers are sold as enquiry or OEM devices (which are not subject field to the same power restrictions), with a disclaimer that they are not to exist used as pointers. DIY videos are too oft posted on Internet video sharing sites like YouTube which explain how to make a high-power light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointer using the diode from an optical disc burner. As the popularity of these devices increased, manufacturers began manufacturing similar loftier-powered pointers. Warnings take been published on the dangers of such loftier-powered lasers.[41] Despite the disclaimers, such lasers are frequently sold in packaging resembling that for laser pointers. Lasers of this blazon may non include condom features sometimes establish on laser modules sold for inquiry purposes.

There have been many incidents regarding, in detail, shipping, and the authorities in many countries take them extremely seriously. Many people have been convicted and sentenced, sometimes to several years' imprisonment.[42]

Australia [edit]

In April 2008, citing a serial of coordinated attacks on passenger jets in Sydney, the Australian government appear that it would restrict the sale and importation of certain light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation items. The authorities had withal to decide which classes of laser pointers to ban.[43] Afterwards some debate, the government voted to ban importation of lasers that emit a beam stronger than i mW, effective from 1 July 2008. Those whose professions crave the employ of a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation can apply for an exemption.[44] In Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointer with an accessible emission limit greater than 1 mW is classified every bit a prohibited weapon and any auction of such items must be recorded.[45] [46] In Western Australia, regulatory changes have classified laser pointers as controlled weapons and sit-in of a lawful reason for possession is required.[47] The WA land regime has also banned every bit of 2000 the manufacture, sale and possession of laser pointers higher than class two.[48] In New S Wales and the Australian Capital Territory the product safety standard for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers prescribes that they must exist a Class 1 or a Form 2 laser production.[49] [50] In February 2009 South African cricketer Wayne Parnell had a laser pointer directed at his eyes when attempting to accept a catch, which he dropped. He denied that information technology was a reason for dropping the ball, but despite this the MCG decided to keep an middle out for the laser pointers. The laser arrow ban simply applies to hand-held battery-powered laser devices and non laser modules.[51]

In November 2015 a xiv-year-old Tasmanian boy damaged both his eyes after shining a laser pen "... in his optics for a very brief period of time". He burned his retinas near the macula, the area where well-nigh of a persons central vision is located. As a upshot, the boy has almost immediately lost 75% of his vision, with little promise of recovery.[52]

Canada [edit]

New regulations controlling the importation and sale of laser pointers (portable, bombardment-powered) take been established in Canada in 2011 and are governed by Wellness Canada using the Consumer Protection Act for the prohibition of the sale of Form 3B (IEC) or college power lasers to "consumers" as divers in the Consumer Protection Act . Canadian federal regulation follows FDA (United states of america Food & Drug Administration) CDRH, and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) hazard nomenclature methods where manufacturers comply with the Radiations Emitting Devices Act. As of July 2011 three people[53] had been charged under the federal Aeronautics Deed, which carries a maximum penalty of $100,000 and five years in prison, for attempting to dazzle a airplane pilot with a laser. Other charges that could be laid include mischief and assail.[54]

Colombia [edit]

The "RESOLUCIÓN 57151 DE 2016" prohibits the marketing and making available to consumers of laser pointers with output power equal to or greater than one milliwatt (>=i mW).[55] Republic of colombia is the first state in South America to regulate the marketing of these products.

Hong Kong [edit]

Laser pointers are not illegal in Hong Kong but air navigation rules state that it is an criminal offense to exhibit "any light" bright enough to endanger aircraft taking off or landing.

During the 2019–twenty Hong Kong protests, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers are being used by protesters to confuse police officers and scramble facial recognition cameras. On August half dozen, 5 off-duty law officers arrested Baptist University student union president Keith Fong Chung-yin afterwards he purchased 10 laser pointers in Sham Shui Po for possession of "offensive weapons". Fong said he would use the pointers for stargazing, but police described them equally "laser guns" whose beams could cause eye injuries. In defence of the arrest, police said that under Hong Kong police the pointers can be deemed "weapons" if they are used in or intended for utilize in an attack. The incident led to a public outcry. Human rights activist Icarus Wong Ho-yin said that going by the constabulary explanation, "a kitchen worker who buys a few knives tin be arrested for being in possession of offensive weapons". Democratic Party lawmaker and lawyer James To Kun-sunday criticized the police for abuse of ability. Hundreds of protesters gathered exterior the dome of Hong Kong's Space Museum to put on a "laser prove" to denounce law's claims that these light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers were offensive weapons. Fong was released unconditionally 2 days later. [56]

Netherlands [edit]

Before 1998 Grade 3A lasers were immune. In 1998 it became illegal to merchandise Class 2 laser pointers that are "gadgets" (e.g. ball pens, fundamental chains, business organisation gifts, devices that will end upwards in children's possession, parts of toys, etc.). It is all the same allowed to trade Class ii (< 1 mW) laser pointers proper, but they have to meet requirements regarding warnings and instructions for prophylactic utilise in the manual. Trading of Class 3 and higher light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers is not allowed.[57]

Sweden [edit]

The use of pointers with output power > 1 mW is regulated in public areas and school yards.[58] From 1 Jan 2014 information technology is necessary to have a special let in guild to ain a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointer with a classification of 3R, 3B or 4, i.due east. over 1 mW.[59]

Switzerland [edit]

In Switzerland, the apply of laser pointers is prohibited since 1 June 2019, except for class 1 laser pointers, which may be used simply indoors.[60]

United Kingdom [edit]

UK and most of Europe are now harmonized on Class 2 (<1 mW) for General presentation use laser pointers or laser pens. Anything in a higher place one mW is illegal for sale in the UK (import is unrestricted). Wellness and Condom regulation insists on use of Class 2 anywhere the public can come in contact with indoor light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation calorie-free, and the DTI have urged Trading Standards government to use their existing powers under the General Product Safety Regulations 2005 to remove lasers above class two from the general market.[61]

Since 2010, information technology is an offence in the UK to smooth a light at an aircraft in flight and then equally to dazzle the pilot, whether intentionally or not, with a maximum penalty of a level iv fine (currently £2500). Information technology is besides an offence to negligently or recklessly endanger an aircraft, with a maximum penalty of v years imprisonment and/or an unlimited fine.[62]

To assist with enforcement, police helicopters use GPS and thermal imaging camera, together with dog teams on the ground, to assistance locate the offender; the discarded warm laser arrow is ofttimes visible on the thermal photographic camera, and its wavelength can be matched to that recorded by an event recorder in the helicopter.[63]

U.s.a. [edit]

Laser pointers are Class II or Class IIIa devices, with output beam ability less than v milliwatts (<v mW). According to U.South. Nutrient and Drug Assistants (FDA) regulations, more powerful lasers may non be sold or promoted equally laser pointers.[64] Also, whatever laser with class higher than IIIa (more than 5 milliwatts) requires a key-switch interlock and other safety features.[65] Shining a laser pointer of whatsoever class at an aircraft is illegal and punishable by a fine of up to $11,000.[66]

All light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation products offered in commerce in the US must exist registered with the FDA, regardless of output ability.[65] [67]

Arizona [edit]

In Arizona it is a Class 1 misdemeanor if a person "aims a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointer at a police force officer if the person intentionally or knowingly directs the beam of calorie-free from an operating laser pointer at another person and the person knows or reasonably should know that the other person is a law officeholder." (Arizona Revised Statutes §13-1213) [68]

Michigan [edit]

Public act 257 of 2003 makes it a felony for a person to "manufacture, deliver, possess, transport, place, use, or release" a "harmful electronic or electromagnetic device" for "an unlawful purpose"; also made into a felony is the deed of causing "an individual to falsely believe that the individual has been exposed to a... harmful electronic or electromagnetic device."[69]

Public deed 328 of 1931 makes it a felony for a person to "sell, offer for sale, or possess" a "portable device or weapon from which an electric electric current, impulse, wave, or axle may be directed" and is designed "to incapacitate temporarily, hurt, or impale".[70]

Maine [edit]

Public law 264, H.P. 868 - L.D. 1271 criminalizes the knowing, intentional, and/or reckless use of an electronic weapon on another person, defining an electronic weapon as a portable device or weapon emitting an electrical current, impulse, beam, or wave with disabling effects on a man.[71]

Massachusetts [edit]

Chapter 170 of the Acts of 2004, Department 140 of the General Laws, section 131J states: "No person shall possess a portable device or weapon from which an electric current, impulse, wave or beam may be directed, which electric current, impulse, wave or axle is designed to incapacitate temporarily, injure or impale, except ... Whoever violates this section shall be punished by a fine of non less than $500 nor more than $ane,000 or past imprisonment in the business firm of correction for not less than 6 months nor more than ii 1/two years, or past both such fine and imprisonment." [72]

Utah [edit]

In Utah it is a course C misdemeanor to signal a laser pointer at a law enforcement officer and is an infraction to bespeak a laser pointer at a moving vehicle.[73]

See as well [edit]

  • Dazzler (weapon)
  • Laser safety
  • Pointer (rod)

References [edit]

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  2. ^ ANSI classification scheme (ANSI Z136.ane–1993, American National Standard for Safe Utilize of Lasers).
  3. ^ FDA Code of Federal Regulations Championship 21, Subchapter J: Radiological Wellness, Role 1040 – Performance STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-EMITTING PRODUCTS. Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved on 15 Oct 2011.
  4. ^ "Production Guide". Popular Science. November 1981.
  5. ^ Sam'south Laser FAQ: Autopsy of Green Laser Pointer Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Automobile. repairfaq.org
  6. ^ Green diode lasers a large quantum for laser-brandish tech (i-micronews.com via arstechnica.com).
  7. ^ LASER Diode-NICHIA CORPORATION. nichia.co.jp
  8. ^ Green Laser, Visible Laser – OSRAM Opto Semiconductors. osram-os.com
  9. ^ Qiu, Jane (fourteen September 2006). "Is the end in sight for Sony's laser blues?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  10. ^ In September 2011, GaN diode laser modules capable of operating at 250mW (or 300mW pulse) with a heatsink were offered on eBay in the Industrial Lasers category at effectually U.s.$60.
  11. ^ Badman, Märit; Höglund, Katja; Höglund, Odd 5. (2016). "Student Perceptions of the Use of a Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Pointer for Intra-Operative Guidance in Feline Castration". Journal of Veterinary Medical Teaching. 43 (2): 1–three. doi:10.3138/jvme.0515-084r2. PMID 27128854.
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  15. ^ "Mobile Robot Guidance past Laser Arrow" (Video). Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
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  18. ^ U.k. Marine and Coastguard Agency Archived 29 December 2011 at the Wayback Motorcar. Nds.coi.gov.uk. Retrieved on 15 Oct 2011.
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  25. ^ Gordon, Serena (8 September 2010) Kids Playing With Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Pointers May Be Aiming for Eye Problem; Teen boy damages retina with Internet-purchased 'toy,' doctors say Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Car. Bloomberg BusinessWeek
  26. ^ Mainster, M. A.; Stuck, B. Due east.; Brown Jr, J (2004). "Assessment of Declared Retinal Laser Injuries". Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (8): 1210–1217. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.8.1210. PMID 15302664.
  27. ^ Robertson, D. Chiliad.; McLaren, J. W.; Salomao, D. R.; Link, T. P. (2005). "Retinopathy From a Green Laser Pointer: a Clinicopathologic Study". Curvation. Ophthalmol. 123 (5): 629–633. doi:x.1001/archopht.123.v.629. PMID 15883281.
  28. ^ Sliney DH, Dennis JE (1994). "Safety concerns about light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers". J. Laser Appl. 6 (3): 159–164. Bibcode:1994JLasA...6..159S. doi:10.2351/1.4745352.
  29. ^ Mainster, M. A.; Stuck, B. E.; Brownish Jr, J (2004). "Assessment of Alleged Retinal Laser Injuries". Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (8): 1210–1217. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.8.1210. PMID 15302664.
  30. ^ Britain Health Protection Agency Data Canvass on Laser Pointers Archived 13 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Hpa.org.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (21 May 2010). Retrieved on 2011-x-15.
  31. ^ Galang, Jemellie; Restelli, Alessandro; Hagley, Edward W.; Clark, Charles Westward. (2 August 2010). "A Dark-green Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Pointer Hazard". arXiv:1008.1452.
  32. ^ Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Pointer Condom - NEVER aim laser pointers at shipping
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  34. ^ Chapman, Francesca (24 Nov 1998). "Osculation Drummer Sees Reddish, Rips Dimwit With Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Pointer". Philly.com. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  35. ^ FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations — see page 96, "thousand"
  36. ^ UEFA Disciplinatory Regulations — see folio 9, "2.d"
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  38. ^ kfa.or.kr/sportalkorea – 사우디 관중, 이운재에 레이저 포인터 공격 (includes a photograph showing a laser beam shining upon the goalkeeper's face)
  39. ^ Evans, Simon (1 July 2014). "Algeria zapped with FIFA fine over lasers". Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  40. ^ Symonds, Tom (8 April 2009). "Police fight dorsum on light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation threat". British Dissemination Corporation . Retrieved 12 September 2010.
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  42. ^ News of aviation-related incidents, arrests, etc. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Pointer Safety. Retrieved on 15 Oct 2011.
  43. ^ "Laser pointers restricted subsequently attacks". Sydney Forenoon Herald. 6 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 Apr 2008. Retrieved 6 Apr 2008.
  44. ^ Minister media release. Importation of laser pointers banned. Australian Customs Service. Fri, 30 May 2008
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  46. ^ Fact Canvas: Prohibited Weapons, Laser Pointers, May_2010, NSW Constabulary
  47. ^ Kobelke, John (thirteen Apr 2008) Laser pointers are now controlled weapons. Government of Western Australia.
  48. ^ Solar day, John (three January 2000) The State Authorities has banned the manufacture, sale and possession of laser pointers. Government of Western Australia.
  49. ^ Extract from New S Wales Fair Trading Regulation 2007. Legislation.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved on fifteen October 2011
  50. ^ Fair Trading (Consumer Production Standards) Regulation 2002. Republication appointment: 3 April 2008
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  54. ^ "TELUS". Mytelus.com. Retrieved 11 August 2010. [ expressionless link ]
  55. ^ "RESOLUCIÓN 57151 DE 2016" (PDF).
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  57. ^ Brief government minister over laserpointers – Vaststelling van de begroting van de uitgaven en de ontvangsten van het Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (Xvi) voor het jaar 1999. Letter of the alphabet from the minister of wellness intendance to Dutch Parliament, no. 71, 11 June 1999.
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  59. ^ Skärpta regler för starka laserpekare från i januari 2014(in Swedish)
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  62. ^ Air Navigation Society 2009. For the strict liability offence, see paragraphs 222 and 241(6) and part B of schedule xiii of the Social club. For reckless endangerment, see paragraphs 137 and 241(eight) and office D of schedule 13 of the Social club.
  63. ^ Symonds, Tom (8 April 2009). "Technology | Constabulary fight dorsum on laser threat". BBC News . Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  64. ^ "Of import Information for Laser Pointer Manufacturers". www.fda.gov. Food and Drug Administration. four Dec 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  65. ^ a b U.South. Code of Federal Regulations,"21 CFR 1040.x Performance standards for Light-Emitting products - Laser products". www.fda.gov. Nutrient and Drug Assistants. Retrieved 26 Nov 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link) Note that these regulations pre-date the availability of Laser Pointers and and then do not reference them by proper noun.
  66. ^ "FAA News Briefing". faa.gov. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  67. ^ "Illuminating Facts About Laser Pointers". www.fda.gov. Food and Drug Administration. xiii June 2019. Retrieved 26 Nov 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  68. ^ "Format Document". Azleg.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  69. ^ "2003-PA-0257". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  70. ^ "Michigan Legislature - Section 750.224a". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  71. ^ "PUBLIC Law Affiliate 264". Mainelegislature.org. 15 Jan 2003. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  72. ^ "Session Laws: Chapter 170 of the Acts of 2004". Malegislature.gov. 15 July 2004. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  73. ^ Utah State Legislature 76-10-2501 Unlawful use of a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointer Archived 10 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Most states now have similar laws to Utah's making some uses of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers (such as pointing ane at a police officeholder or an shipping (federal police) a offense)

Farther reading [edit]

  • J.A. Hadler and Yard.L. Dowell, "Accurate, cheap testing of handheld lasers for safe use and operation." Meas.Sci.Technol. 24 (2013) 045202.

External links [edit]

  • Laser Hazards in Navigable Airspace, FAA medical brochure for pilots
  • Protecting Aircraft from Lasers - New Program Offers Rewards for Information FBI

smithnottakeling.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pointer

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